древняя арамейская терминология для Храма
Oct. 9th, 2005 02:52 am![[personal profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/user.png){kind=small}
hgrэто с чем я тут бьюсь. некоторый кусок статьи про АА -- Apocalypse of Abraham. интересно только тем, кто любит иудейские древности. сорри за корявый инглиш; это я еще поправлю, если не придется вообще переделывать.
A genuine Aramaic term for “propitiatorium”: חסא
The cultic realities of this epoch are partially reparable from the much more late Christian tradition. In fact, one of them is the only channel by which AA itself came down to us.
As to the late Jewish Aramaic terminology, one of the channels of its transmission is Christian Syriac. Syriac-speaking Christian milieu was developing on the ground of early Semitic-speaking communities, and their Western Aramaic dialects were influencing early Christian Syriac, an Eastern Aramaic dialect.
The only Western Aramaic term for “propitiatorium” known to us through the Jewish rabbinic tradition is a Hebrew loanword, כפרת. It is of no help to us. But it is also without a trace in Christian Syriac.
In Christian Syriac the term for “propitiatorium” is ܚܣܐ or its derivate ܚܣܝܐ. It is important to note that Syriac ܚܣܐ is the only term for “propitiatorium” known to this language. There is no alternative term that might be borrowed from Greek, despite the fact that the Syriac Bible has been translated from the Greek versions and that Christian Syriac is very rich of the Greek loanwords. It is a priori likely, that Syriac ܚܣܐ belongs to the earliest layer of the Christian vocabulary of the Syrians, that is, that it goes back to the earliest Aramaic-speaking Christian and pre-Christian communities.
In Aramaic of the rabbinic tradition a liturgical connection of the corresponding root (Hws) makes felt itself only obliquely.
There is, in rabbinic Western Aramaic, a verb חוס with the basic meaning “to protect”, with no specific liturgical connections, likewise its homographic counterpart in Biblical Hebrew. Oddly enough, a derivate of the same root, חַסָּא, an exact equivalent of Syriac ܚܣܐ, has a meaning apparently unrelated to “protecting”, namely, “lettuce”.
However, both Syriac ܚܣܐ and Western Aramaic חסא are going back to the Jewish liturgy. In fact, in rabbinic Aramaic, חסא is a more liturgical than botanic or cooking term. There is a normal term for the corresponding botanic species, חזרת, and so, another term, חסא, is used only as superfluous and needing to be explained. This is what has been done in the Babylonian Talmud (bPesachim, ch. II, 39a): “Even Rabha said that lettuce (חזרת) is called hassa (חסא), which signifies, ‘God has mercy on us’.” The whole context is a discussion on the bitter herbs necessary to the preparation of the lamb for the Pesach.
This etymology of חסא connected to “mercy of God” is here exactly the same as that of the Syriac ܚܣܐ. Moreover, it is the same as in Greek ἱλαστήριον calquing Hebrew כפרת “propitiatorium”. It is important to note, that there is here something more than simple linguistic etymology to a root with general meaning of “protection” or “having mercy”. The “mercy” dealt with here is precisely the mercy of God.
The mercy of God is the main theme of the Yom Kippur, the only feast when the propitiatorium was in work, but the same theme is not foreign to the Pesach as well, not to say, that in some pre-Christian Judaisms the feasts of the Pesach and Yom Kippur were interferential in such an extent that even the expiation performed by Christ Himself, the main ritual of the Yom Kippur, has been presented as a sacrifice of the Pesach lamb… Avoiding going deeper, I note this here only to point out that we have not to overestimate the distance between the Pesach and the Yom Kippur in the pre-Christian Jewish traditions.
In result, we have to consider the meaning of “lettuce” as a rather late acquisition of Western Aramaic חסא and specific to the rabbinic tradition only. Before this, that is, before its rabbinical use, the word was a liturgical term connected to the rituals of asking of mercy or forgiveness.
The very existence of the same word in Syriac with the meaning “propitiatorium” makes very likely that such was an original meaning of Western Aramaic חסא, even if its initial spectrum of meanings could be broader. This supposition is corroborated by the fact that in Aramaic of the rabbinic tradition the only term for “propitiatorium” is a Hebrew loanword כפרת. A native Aramaic term for the same liturgical device, חסא, has been almost completely (while still not completely!) “deritualised”.
So, my first point consists in the following. There was a genuine Aramaic term for “propitiatorium”, preserved by the Christian Syriac vocabulary and still faintly discernible in the rabbinical sources, חסא (or *חסיא, like Syriac ܚܣܝܐ).
A genuine Aramaic term for “propitiatorium”: חסא
The cultic realities of this epoch are partially reparable from the much more late Christian tradition. In fact, one of them is the only channel by which AA itself came down to us.
As to the late Jewish Aramaic terminology, one of the channels of its transmission is Christian Syriac. Syriac-speaking Christian milieu was developing on the ground of early Semitic-speaking communities, and their Western Aramaic dialects were influencing early Christian Syriac, an Eastern Aramaic dialect.
The only Western Aramaic term for “propitiatorium” known to us through the Jewish rabbinic tradition is a Hebrew loanword, כפרת. It is of no help to us. But it is also without a trace in Christian Syriac.
In Christian Syriac the term for “propitiatorium” is ܚܣܐ or its derivate ܚܣܝܐ. It is important to note that Syriac ܚܣܐ is the only term for “propitiatorium” known to this language. There is no alternative term that might be borrowed from Greek, despite the fact that the Syriac Bible has been translated from the Greek versions and that Christian Syriac is very rich of the Greek loanwords. It is a priori likely, that Syriac ܚܣܐ belongs to the earliest layer of the Christian vocabulary of the Syrians, that is, that it goes back to the earliest Aramaic-speaking Christian and pre-Christian communities.
In Aramaic of the rabbinic tradition a liturgical connection of the corresponding root (Hws) makes felt itself only obliquely.
There is, in rabbinic Western Aramaic, a verb חוס with the basic meaning “to protect”, with no specific liturgical connections, likewise its homographic counterpart in Biblical Hebrew. Oddly enough, a derivate of the same root, חַסָּא, an exact equivalent of Syriac ܚܣܐ, has a meaning apparently unrelated to “protecting”, namely, “lettuce”.
However, both Syriac ܚܣܐ and Western Aramaic חסא are going back to the Jewish liturgy. In fact, in rabbinic Aramaic, חסא is a more liturgical than botanic or cooking term. There is a normal term for the corresponding botanic species, חזרת, and so, another term, חסא, is used only as superfluous and needing to be explained. This is what has been done in the Babylonian Talmud (bPesachim, ch. II, 39a): “Even Rabha said that lettuce (חזרת) is called hassa (חסא), which signifies, ‘God has mercy on us’.” The whole context is a discussion on the bitter herbs necessary to the preparation of the lamb for the Pesach.
This etymology of חסא connected to “mercy of God” is here exactly the same as that of the Syriac ܚܣܐ. Moreover, it is the same as in Greek ἱλαστήριον calquing Hebrew כפרת “propitiatorium”. It is important to note, that there is here something more than simple linguistic etymology to a root with general meaning of “protection” or “having mercy”. The “mercy” dealt with here is precisely the mercy of God.
The mercy of God is the main theme of the Yom Kippur, the only feast when the propitiatorium was in work, but the same theme is not foreign to the Pesach as well, not to say, that in some pre-Christian Judaisms the feasts of the Pesach and Yom Kippur were interferential in such an extent that even the expiation performed by Christ Himself, the main ritual of the Yom Kippur, has been presented as a sacrifice of the Pesach lamb… Avoiding going deeper, I note this here only to point out that we have not to overestimate the distance between the Pesach and the Yom Kippur in the pre-Christian Jewish traditions.
In result, we have to consider the meaning of “lettuce” as a rather late acquisition of Western Aramaic חסא and specific to the rabbinic tradition only. Before this, that is, before its rabbinical use, the word was a liturgical term connected to the rituals of asking of mercy or forgiveness.
The very existence of the same word in Syriac with the meaning “propitiatorium” makes very likely that such was an original meaning of Western Aramaic חסא, even if its initial spectrum of meanings could be broader. This supposition is corroborated by the fact that in Aramaic of the rabbinic tradition the only term for “propitiatorium” is a Hebrew loanword כפרת. A native Aramaic term for the same liturgical device, חסא, has been almost completely (while still not completely!) “deritualised”.
So, my first point consists in the following. There was a genuine Aramaic term for “propitiatorium”, preserved by the Christian Syriac vocabulary and still faintly discernible in the rabbinical sources, חסא (or *חסיא, like Syriac ܚܣܝܐ).
![[identity profile]](https://www.dreamwidth.org/img/silk/identity/openid.png){kind=small}
Re: отвечаю по абзацам
Date: 2005-10-11 06:08 pm (UTC)т.е. решение фарисеев (еще до 70 г. де факто) обойтись без священства и без Храма -- было таки неудачным.
TEMA SOVSEM NE "NAUCHNAJA", A EKZISTENCIAONAL'NAJA. MOGU POSOVETOVAT', NE OSKORBLJAJA NICHJIX RELIGIOZNYX CHUSTV, POCHITAT' NEDELJU PODRJAD JEVREJSKIJ MOLITVENNIK. KONCENTRACIJA XRAMOVYX MOTIVOV TAKOVA, CHTO *DOLZHNO* SNOSIT' KRYSHU. NO NE SNOSIT, IBO VSE TAK ZACHITANO, CHTO OBYCHNYJ RAZUM PERESTAJOT VOSPRINIMAT' I OSHCHUSHCHAT' ETOT KRICHASHCHIJ DISSONANS.
RESHENIE BYLO VYNUZHDENYM I MYSLILOS' KAK "VREMENNOE".
KSTATI, SEKULJARIZACIJA V IZRAILE BYLA SVJAZANA, V NEKOJ MERE, S OSHCHUSHCHENIEJM, CHTO V "PODNOZHII PRESTOLA GOSPODNJA" ZAPOVEDI JKAK BY I NE NUZHNY. IBO VES' GIGANTSKIJ NABOR JEVREJSKOJ LITURGII LISH' *VREMENNO* ZAMENJAET XRAMOVUJU SLUZHBU.
5. т.е. реконструкция все-таки. значит, попса!
NUUUUU ....
6. плиз. очень бы хорошо. Вы, тем более, имеете доступ к реалиям израильской и вообще околоеврейской политики.
V KRATCE: SIONIZM I IZRAIL' - VESHCHI SLOZHNYJE I *OCHEN'* MNOGOPLANOVYJE, BESSMYSLENNO GOVORIT' *VOOBSHCHE*. ODIN TAKOJ PLAST - ETO SOBIRANIE JEVREJSKIX DUSH, NAPODOBIE SOBIRANIJA ISKR V ZOHARE. NAPRIMER, PREZIDENT I VAZHNYJ UCHENYJ YITZHAQ BEN-TZVI BYL GLAVNYM LOBBISTOM JEVREJSKIX PRAV EKZOTICHESKIX JEVREJSKIJ GRUPP, OT SAMARITJAN I DO FALASHA. FAITLOVITCH, ISSLEDOVATE; FALASHA, BYL TAKIM ZHE. DA I ULLENDORF, LESLAU I MNOGIE DRUGIE. NE ISKLJUCHAJA MENAHEMA BEGINA, KOIJ I PROIZVEL IX MASSOVYJ PEREVOZ V IZRAIL, POSLE TOGO KAK V 1973 FALASHA BYLI HALAXICHESKI PRIZNANY JEVREJAMI.
ETO I JEST' MAINSTREAM. PROTESTOVAT' PROTIV ETOGO VOSPRINIMAJETSJA NE TOL'KO KAK RASIZM I DISKRIMINACIJU *GRAZHDAN*, NO I KRAJNE OPASNO VO VNUTRENNE-IZRAIL'SKOM KONTEKSTE: JESLI FALASHA ETNICHESKI NE JEVREI, VOZNIKAET VOPROS O MNOGIX DRUGIX INAKO-VYGLJADISHCHIX GRUPPAX, I ETOK SNEZHNYJ SHAR.
KAPLAN - DA I OLGA KAPELIUK - ONI KAK RAZ "EKSTREMISTY", KOTORYJE POSHLI PROTIV KONCENZUSA, I KSTATI, NELJUBIMY EFIOPSKOJ OBSHCHINOJ V IZRAILE NU VES'MA.
PONJATNO, CHTO V SAMOJ EFIOPII TOZHE JEST' VSJAKAJA VNUTRENJAJA POLITIKA - JELSI FALASHA ETNICHESKI NE JEVREI, TO KAK NASCHET IZRAILSKOGO PROISXOZHDENIJA SAMIM EFIOPOV-XRISTIAN, NU I VSJAKIE DRUGIE VARIANTY.
7. насчет imagined Judaism -- всё так и есть. но образы этого иудаизма, насколько они изучены за историю христианства, не соответствуют тому, что имеем во Мцхете. это и навело меня на известные мысли.
REAL'NO V MCXETE MY IMEEM DVE MOGILY, ODNA S ARAMEJSKOJ NADPISJU I IRANSKIM IMENEM, I UPOMINANIE JEVREJSKOGO KVARTALA RJADOM S ZOROASTRIJSKIM.
кстати, знаете ли Вы еще хорошую, но полузапрещенную за неполиткорректность книжку D. Judant, Judaïsme et christianisme. Dossier patristique (Paris, 1969). по-моему, лучшее патрологич. исследование в этой сфере.
NET. JUDANT - ETO TAKOE FAMILIJO? XOROSHO.
Дан Шапира -- работает в Открытом ун-те, в Израиле.
INTERESNO